WFS

Formation of sedimentary layers of white clay, Tamilnadu, India

Fossil site for wood fossils, Tamilnadu, India

Fossil site in Kerala, India

Fossil wood park maintained by geological survey of India at Tamilnadu

Cretaceous fossil sites india

Fossils in rack:-Cyad

Fossils in rack:-echiniderms

Fossils in rack:-Rastellum sp

Pre-historic seabed, Cretaceous period

WFS News: Vectaerovenator inopinatus,New dinosaur related to T. rex

August 12th, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

A CGI image has been created of an impression of the final moments of the Vectaerovenator inopinatus

A new species of dinosaur has been discovered on the Isle of Wight.

Palaeontologists at the University of Southampton believe four bones found at Shanklin last year belong to a new species of theropod dinosaur.

It lived in the Cretaceous period, 115 million years ago, and is estimated to have been up to 4m (13ft) long.

It has been named Vectaerovenator inopinatus and belongs to the group of dinosaurs that includes Tyrannosaurus rex and modern-day birds.

The name refers to the large air spaces found in some of the bones – from the neck, back and tail of the creature – which is one of the traits that helped the scientists identify its theropod origins.

These air sacs, also seen in modern birds, were extensions of the lung, and it is likely they “helped fuel an efficient breathing system while also making the skeleton lighter”, the University of Southampton said.

The fossils were found in three separate discoveries in 2019 and handed in to the nearby Dinosaur Isle Museum at Sandown, where they are being displayed.

Robin Ward, a regular fossil hunter from Stratford-upon-Avon, was visiting the Isle of Wight with his family when they made their discovery.

The four bones were found in three separate discoveries in 2019

“The joy of finding the bones we discovered was absolutely fantastic,” he said.

James Lockyer, from Spalding, Lincolnshire, was also visiting the island when he found another of the bones.

“It looked different from marine reptile vertebrae I have come across in the past,” he said.

“I was searching a spot at Shanklin and had been told, and read, that I wouldn’t find much there.

“However, I always make sure I search the areas others do not, and on this occasion it paid off.”

Paul Farrell, from Ryde, added: “I was walking along the beach, kicking stones and came across what looked like a bone from a dinosaur.

“I was really shocked to find out it could be a new species.”

‘Delicate skeleton’

This silhouette of a theropod indicates where the bones were from

Chris Barker, who led the University of Southampton study, said: “We were struck by just how hollow this animal was – it’s riddled with air spaces.

“Parts of its skeleton must have been rather delicate.

“The record of theropod dinosaurs from the ‘mid’ Cretaceous period in Europe isn’t that great, so it’s been really exciting to be able to increase our understanding of the diversity of dinosaur species from this time.

“You don’t usually find dinosaurs in the deposits at Shanklin as they were laid down in a marine habitat. You’re much more likely to find fossil oysters or drift wood, so this is a rare find indeed.”

It is likely that the Vectaerovenator lived in an area just north of where its remains were found, with the carcass having washed out into the shallow sea nearby.

The university findings are due to be published in the journal Papers in Palaeontology and co-authored by those who discovered the fossils.

Source: BBC.com

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

WFS News: Evolution of the earliest dinosaurs

August 9th, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

Present knowledge of Late Triassic tetrapod evolution, including the rise of dinosaurs, relies heavily on the fossil-rich continental deposits of South America, their precise depositional histories and correlations. We report on an extended succession of the Ischigualasto Formation exposed in the Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina), where more than 100 tetrapod fossils were newly collected, augmented by historical finds such as the ornithosuchid Venaticosuchus rusconii and the putative ornithischian Pisanosaurus mertii. Detailed lithostratigraphy combined with high-precision U–Pb geochronology from three intercalated tuffs are used to construct a robust Bayesian age model for the formation, constraining its deposition between 230.2 ± 1.9 Ma and 221.4 ± 1.2 Ma, and its fossil-bearing interval to 229.20 + 0.11/− 0.15–226.85 + 1.45/− 2.01 Ma. The latter is divided into a lower Hyperodapedon and an upper Teyumbaita biozones, based on the ranges of the eponymous rhynchosaurs, allowing biostratigraphic correlations to elsewhere in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, as well as to the Paraná Basin in Brazil. The temporally calibrated Ischigualasto biostratigraphy suggests the persistence of rhynchosaur-dominated faunas into the earliest Norian. Our ca. 229 Ma age assignment to Pi. mertii partially fills the ghost lineage between younger ornithischian records and the oldest known saurischians at ca. 233 Ma.

Introduction

With one of the richest land biotas recorded worldwide, the Ischigualasto Formation of north-western Argentina represents a unique “window” into Late Triassic biodiversity and evolution. This stratigraphic unit is well known from the Ischigualasto Provincial Park (IPP), San Juan Province, with a fossil record composed of plants, fishes, and most of the known tetrapod groups of the time, i.e., temnospondyls, rhynchosaurs, archosauriforms (including dinosaurs), dicynodonts, and cynodonts^1,2,3. Radioisotopic dates of various vintages have given the Ischigualasto fauna a temporal context, elevating its global significance in understanding the Triassic land ecosystems, as well as the early evolution of dinosaurs³. Nevertheless, exposures of the Ischigualasto Formation outside the IPP have only been briefly explored, delivering only subordinate fossil records³. One exception is the site known as Hoyada del Cerro Las Lajas^4,5,6 in La Rioja Province, where the northernmost known outcrops of the formation are exposed (Fig. 1; see also fig. 1 in Baczko et al.⁷). Explored by several expeditions starting in the early sixties (see Historical background and motivation in the Supplementary Information), the fossil record of the area appears meagre compared to that of the IPP and it has been described as “a poorly fossiliferous outcrop” (p. 20 in Martínez et al.³), but includes key specimens, such as the holotypes of the ornithosuchid Venaticosuchus rusconii and the probable ornithischian Pisanosaurus mertii.

Journal Reference: Julia B. Desojo, Lucas E. Fiorelli, Martín D. Ezcurra, Agustín G. Martinelli, Jahandar Ramezani, Átila. A. S. Da Rosa, M. Belén von Baczko, M. Jimena Trotteyn, Felipe C. Montefeltro, Miguel Ezpeleta, Max C. Langer. The Late Triassic Ischigualasto Formation at Cerro Las Lajas (La Rioja, Argentina): fossil tetrapods, high-resolution chronostratigraphy, and faunal correlations. Scientific Reports, 2020; 10 (1) DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67854-1

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

WFS News: A new fossil reveals how a mysterious ancient insect captured its meals.

August 7th, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

Specialized Predation Drives Aberrant Morphological Integration and Diversity in the Earliest Ants

Published:August 06, 2020DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.106

Extinct haidomyrmecine “hell ants” are among the earliest ants known . These eusocial Cretaceous taxa diverged from extant lineages prior to the most recent common ancestor of all living ants and possessed bizarre scythe-like mouthparts along with a striking array of horn-like cephalic projections . Despite the morphological breadth of the fifteen thousand known extant ant species, phenotypic syndromes found in the Cretaceous are without parallel and the evolutionary drivers of extinct diversity are unknown. Here, we provide a mechanistic explanation for aberrant hell ant morphology through phylogenetic reconstruction and comparative methods, as well as a newly reported specimen. We report a remarkable instance of fossilized predation that provides direct evidence for the function of dorsoventrally expanded mandibles and elaborate horns. Our findings confirm the hypothesis that hell ants captured other arthropods between mandible and horn in a manner that could only be achieved by articulating their mouthparts in an axial plane perpendicular to that of modern ants. We demonstrate that the head capsule and mandibles of haidomyrmecines are uniquely integrated as a consequence of this predatory mode and covary across species while finding no evidence of such modular integration in extant ant groups. We suggest that hell ant cephalic integration—analogous to the vertebrate skull—triggered a pathway for an ancient adaptive radiation and expansion into morphospace unoccupied by any living taxon.

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

WFS News: Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years

July 29th, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years

Morono, Y., Ito, M., Hoshino, T. et al. Aerobic microbial life persists in oxic marine sediment as old as 101.5 million years. Nat Commun, 2020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17330-1

Sparse microbial populations persist from seafloor to basement in the slowly accumulating oxic sediment of the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre (SPG). The physiological status of these communities, including their substrate metabolism, is previously unconstrained. Here we show that diverse aerobic members of communities in SPG sediments (4.3‒101.5 Ma) are capable of readily incorporating carbon and nitrogen substrates and dividing. Most of the 6986 individual cells analyzed with nanometer-scale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) actively incorporated isotope-labeled substrates. Many cells responded rapidly to incubation conditions, increasing total numbers by 4 orders of magnitude and taking up labeled carbon and nitrogen within 68 days after incubation. The response was generally faster (on average, 3.09 times) for nitrogen incorporation than for carbon incorporation. In contrast, anaerobic microbes were only minimally revived from this oxic sediment. Our results suggest that microbial communities widely distributed in organic-poor abyssal sediment consist mainly of aerobes that retain their metabolic potential under extremely low-energy conditions for up to 101.5 Ma.

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

WFS News: Exceptionally small theropod eggs from Japan

July 16th, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

When most of us think of dinosaurs, we envision large, lumbering beasts, but these giants shared their ecosystems with much smaller dinosaurs, the smaller skeletons of which were generally less likely to be preserved. The fossilized egg shells of these small dinosaurs can shed light on this lost ecological diversity.

Led by the University of Tsukuba, researchers scoured an exceptional fossil egg site first discovered in 2015 in Hyogo Prefecture, southwestern Japan, and reported their findings in a new study published in Cretaceous Research.

The Kamitaki Egg Quarry, found in a red-brown mudstone layer of the Ohyamashimo Formation, deposited in an Early Cretaceous (about 110 million years old) river flood plain, was carefully and intensively excavated in the winter of 2019, and yielded over 1300 egg fossils. Most were isolated fragments, but there were a few partial and almost complete eggs.

According to lead author Professor Kohei Tanaka, “our taphonomic analysis indicated that the nest we found was in situ, not transported and redeposited, because most of the eggshell fragments were positioned concave-up, not concave-down like we see when egg shells are transported.”

Most of these fossil eggs belong to a new egg genus and species, called Himeoolithus murakamii, and are exceptionally small, with an estimated mass of 9.9 grams — about the size of a modern quail egg. However, biological classification analysis implies that the eggs belonged not to early birds, but to their cousins, the non-avian theropod dinosaurs (the group that includes well-known carnivores like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor). That puts Himeoolithus murakamii among the smallest non-avian theropod eggs reported to date. These tiny eggs were notably elongated in shape — unusual for similarly small eggs among Cretaceous birds, but typical among larger non-avian theropod eggs.

In addition to the abundant Himeoolithus murakamii egg shells, five more ootaxa (distinct types of egg fossils) were recognized in the Kamitaki locality. All of these ootaxa belonged to small non-avian theropods.

As Professor Tanaka explains, “the high diversity of these small theropod eggs makes this one of the most diverse Early Cretaceous egg localities known. Small theropod skeletal fossils are quite scarce in this area. Therefore, these fossil eggs provide a useful window into the hidden ecological diversity of dinosaurs in the Early Cretaceous of southwestern Japan, as well as into the nesting behavior of small non-avian theropods.”

Journal Reference:

Kohei Tanaka, Darla K. Zelenitsky, François Therrien, Tadahiro Ikeda, Katsuhiro Kubota, Haruo Saegusa, Tomonori Tanaka, Kenji Ikuno. Exceptionally small theropod eggs from the Lower Cretaceous Ohyamashimo Formation of Tamba, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Cretaceous Research, 2020; 114: 104519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104519

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

Citation: University of Tsukuba. “Tiny Japanese dinosaur eggs help unscramble Cretaceous ecosystem.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 26 June 2020. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200626114821.htm.

WFS News: The first juvenile dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Arctic Alaska

July 13th, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

Closeup on the dentary teeth and lateral ridge in DMNH 21183.
Detail of the 2nd dentary tooth highlighting the distal carina under normal light (A) and fluorescent microscopy (B). Details of the distal denticles (C) and close-up of the lateral ridge (lr) close to the alveolar margin in lateral views (D). Abbreviation: lr, lateral ridge. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Compared to the osteological record of herbivorous dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Prince Creek Formation of northern Alaska, there are relatively fewer remains of theropods. The theropod record from this unit is mostly comprised of isolated teeth, and the only non-dental remains known can be attributed to the troodontid cf. Troodon and the tyrannosaurid Nanuqsaurus. Thus far, the presence of members of Dromaeosauridae has been limited to isolated teeth. Here we describe a symphyseal portion of a small dentary with two ziphodont teeth. Based on tooth shape, denticle morphology, and the position of the Meckelian groove, we attribute this partial dentary to a saurornitholestine dromaeosaurid. The fibrous bone surface, small size, and higher number of mesial denticles compared to distal ones point to a juvenile growth stage for this individual. Multivariate comparison of theropod teeth morphospace by means of principal component analysis reveals an overlap between this dentary and Saurornitholestinae dromaeosaurid morphospace, a result supported by phylogenetic analyses. This is the first confirmed non-dental fossil specimen from a member of Dromaeosauridae in the Arctic, expanding on the role of Beringia as a dispersal route for this clade between Asia and North America. Furthermore, the juvenile nature of this individual adds to a growing body of data that suggests Cretaceous Arctic dinosaurs of Alaska did not undergo long-distance migration, but rather they were year-round residents of these paleopolar latitudes.

Citation: Chiarenza AA, Fiorillo AR, Tykoski RS, McCarthy PJ, Flaig PP, Contreras DL (2020) The first juvenile dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Arctic Alaska. PLoS ONE 15(7): e0235078. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235078

Editor: Laura Beatriz Porro, University College London, UNITED KINGDOM

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

WFS News: 115-million-year-old fossil of new dinosaur species in Brazil

July 12th, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

A team of Brazilian researchers announced on Friday the discovery of a 115-million-year-old fossil belonging to a previously unknown species of dinosaur in the northeastern state of Ceara.

The “Aratasaurus museunacionali” is a previously unknown species of the medium-sized theropods, meaning it had hollow bones and three-toed limbs.

Scientists believe the newly-discovered Aratasaurus museunacionali roamed the Earth 115 million years ago

According to paleontologist Juliana Sayao, the fossil of the animal, who apparently died young, indicated it already weighed around 34.25 kilos and was 3.12 meters in height.

Sayao said the discovery of the Aratasaurus will help scientists better understand the evolutionary history of the carnivorous theropods and that the discovery is also a sign that other types of carnivorous dinosaurs inhabited the region millions of years ago.

“Within theropods, we discovered that Aratasaurus is part of a group called Coelurosauria, which includes both the Brazilian dinosaur found in the same region known as Santanaraptor, and the famous Tyrannosaurus and velociraptors, and even the birds that we know today,” said the paleontologist.

The fossil was presented on Friday by the group of scientists from the Federal University of Pernambuco, the National UFRJ Museum and the Regional University of Cariri to the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil’s oldest scientific institution.

The “Aratasaurus museunacionali” will help scientists better understand the evolutionary history of the carnivorous theropod

‘Sister lineage’ to China Jurassic

Not much is known about the ancestors of Aratasaurus, Sayao said. However, the fossil indicates that the species stemmed from a line of dinosaurs even more ancient in origin than the one that was said to have given rise to the tyrannosaurus.

“Aratasaurus indicates that part of her rich history may lie in the northeast of Brazil and in South America. There are still many gaps to unveil in this evolutionary puzzle, but with this discovery, we have added another piece to understand it,” said Sayao.

According to paleontologist Xin Cheng, “Aratasaurus is a sister lineage to Zuolong, a coelurosauria from the Jurassic of China.” Chen said this suggests that older coelurosauria were even more widely distributed across Earth and over a longer period of time.

Scientists found the fossil in 2008 in a plaster mine in the geologic Fomualdo Formation in Brazil’s Araripe Basin where the states of Pernambuco, Piaui and Ceara meet.

The area where the fossil was found was permeated by a lake that, over time, saw a change in salinity with the entry of seawater.

The 12-year-process of examining the fossil was slow partly due to the complex preparation which involved removing the fragile rock surrounding the fossil.

Between 2008 and 2016, scientists conducted a microscopic analysis of the fossil tissue from small bone samples, allowing them to form a visual construct of the animal.

In 2016, the Aratasaurus fossil was moved to the National Museum and — despite the devastating fire in 2018 that destroyed part of the building — the area where the fossil was stored was not affected by the flames.

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

Source: DW.Com

WFS News: Exceptionally small theropod eggs from the Lower Cretaceous , Japan

July 5th, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

Abstract

The Kamitaki Locality in the Albian Ohyamashimo Formation in the eastern Hyogo Prefecture of southwestern Japan is among the richest Lower Cretaceous fossil egg sites in the world. So far, eggshells of five different ootaxa, one ornithopod and four theropods, have been identified from the Kamitaki Bonebed Quarry. Although previous discoveries of egg remains were limited to isolated eggshell fragments, here we report on the discovery of a nearly complete egg, several partial eggs, as well as numerous eggshell fragments from horizons of the newly excavated Kamitaki Egg Quarry that are 5.5–6.75 m above the Kamitaki Bonebed Quarry. Taphonomical investigations indicate that the new site preserves the remnants of an in-situ nest of Himeoolithus murakamii oogen. et oosp. nov., mixed with scattered and isolated eggshell fragments of other non-avian theropod ootaxa, including Nipponoolithus ramosus, Prismatoolithus sp., and Subtiliolithus hyogoensis oosp. nov. The most abundant ootaxon at the quarry, Himeoolithus, is represented by four eggs and over 1300 scattered eggshell fragments. Himeoolithus is the smallest non-avian theropod egg known to date (9.9 g in estimated mass) and exhibits an unusually elongated shape (length:width ratio of 2.25) for such as small egg. The presence of six dinosaur ootaxa from the two quarries at the Kamitaki Locality reveals a hidden diversity of small dinosaurs, particularly non-avian theropods, in the Hyogo region and indicates the area was utilized for nesting by various small dinosaur species at the end of the Early Cretaceous.

Exceptionally small theropod eggs from japan

Journal Reference: Kohei Tanaka, Darla K. Zelenitsky, François Therrien, Tadahiro Ikeda, Katsuhiro Kubota, Haruo Saegusa, Tomonori Tanaka, Kenji Ikuno. Exceptionally small theropod eggs from the Lower Cretaceous Ohyamashimo Formation of Tamba, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Cretaceous Research, 2020; 114: 104519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104519

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

WFS News: Dry season limnological conditions and basin geology relationships with δ13C and δ15N of carbon sources

July 3rd, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

Dry season limnological conditions and basin geology exhibit complex relationships

with δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of carbon sources in four Neotropical floodplains

Abstract

Studies in freshwater ecosystems are seeking to improve understanding of carbon flow in food webs and stable isotopes have been influential in this work. However, variation in isotopic values of basal production sources could either be an asset or a hindrance depending on study objectives. We assessed the potential for basin geology and local limnological conditions to predict stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values of six carbon sources at multiple locations in four Neotropical floodplain ecosystems (Paraná, Pantanal, Araguaia, and Amazon). Limnological conditions exhibited greater variation within than among systems. δ¹⁵N differed among basins for most carbon sources, but δ¹³C did not (though high within-basin variability for periphyton, phytoplankton and particulate organic carbon was observed). Although δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values exhibited significant correlations with some limnological factors within and among basins, those relationships differed among carbon sources. Regression trees for both carbon and nitrogen isotopes for all sources depicted complex and in some cases nested relationships, and only very limited similarity was observed among trees for different carbon sources. Although limnological conditions predicted variation in isotope values of carbon sources, we suggest the resulting models were too complex to enable mathematical corrections of source isotope values among sites based on these parameters. The importance of local conditions in determining variation in source isotope values suggest that isotopes may be useful for examining habitat use, dispersal and patch dynamics within heterogeneous floodplain ecosystems, but spatial variability in isotope values needs to be explicitly considered when testing ecosystem models of carbon flow in these systems.

Citation: Zaia Alves GH, Hoeinghaus DJ, Manetta GI, Benedito E (2017) Dry season limnological conditions and basin geology exhibit complex relationships with δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N of carbon sources in four Neotropical floodplains. PLoS ONE 12(3): e0174499. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174499

Editor: Hideyuki Doi, University of Hyogo, JAPAN

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T sajeev,Russel T Sajeev

WFS News: Ancient submerged Aboriginal archaeological sites

July 2nd, 2020

Riffin

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T sajeev

Ancient submerged Aboriginal archaeological sites await underwater rediscovery off the coast of Australia, according to a study published July 1, 2020 in the open-access journal PLOS ONE by Jonathan Benjamin of Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia and colleagues.

At the end of the Ice Age, sea level was much lower than today, and the Australian coastline was 160 kilometers farther offshore. When the ice receded and sea level rose to its current level, approximately two million square kilometers of Australian land became submerged where Aboriginal peoples had previously lived. Thus, it is likely that many ancient Aboriginal sites are currently underwater.

In this study, Benjamin and colleagues report the results of several field campaigns between 2017-2019 during which they applied a series of techniques for locating and investigating submerged archaeological sites, including aerial and underwater remote sensing technologies as well as direct investigation by divers. They investigated two sites off the Murujuga coastline of northwest Australia. In Cape Bruguieres Channel, divers identified 269 artefacts dating to at least 7,000 years old, and a single artefact was identified in a freshwater spring in Flying Foam Passage, dated to at least 8,500 years old. These are the first confirmed underwater archaeological sites found on Australia’s continental shelf.

These findings demonstrate the utility of these exploratory techniques for locating submerged archaeological sites. The authors hope that these techniques can be expanded upon in the future for systematic recovery and investigation of ancient Aboriginal cultural artefacts. They further urge that future exploration will rely not only on careful and safe scientific procedures, but also on legislation to protect and manage Aboriginal cultural heritage along the Australian coastline.

Benjamin says, “Managing, investigating and understanding the archaelogy of the Australian continental shelf in partnership with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander traditional owners and custodians is one of the last frontiers in Australian archaeology.” He adds, “Our results represent the first step in a journey of discovery to explore the potential of archaeology on the continental shelves which can fill a major gap in the human history of the continent.”

Journal Reference: Jonathan Benjamin, Michael O’Leary, Jo McDonald, Chelsea Wiseman, John McCarthy, Emma Beckett, Patrick Morrison, Francis Stankiewicz, Jerem Leach, Jorg Hacker, Paul Baggaley, Katarina Jerbić, Madeline Fowler, John Fairweather, Peter Jeffries, Sean Ulm, Geoff Bailey. Aboriginal artefacts on the continental shelf reveal ancient drowned cultural landscapes in northwest Australia. PLOS ONE, 2020; 15 (7): e0233912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233912

PLOS. “First confirmed underwater Aboriginal archaeological sites found off Australian coast: Underwater techniques enable researchers to discover submerged ancient Aboriginal cultural sites.” ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 1 July 2020. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200701151722.htm>.

@WFS,World Fossil Society,Riffin T Sajeev,Russel T sajeev